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Post by Michael Kalinichenko on Sept 27, 2017 9:12:51 GMT
The English Literature Club Page (2017-2018)
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Post by Michael Kalinichenko on Oct 5, 2017 8:18:22 GMT
ПЕРЕЛІК УЧАСНИКІВ КЛУБУ (2017-2018):
1) Владислав Паюк (ІМ-42) 2) Мія Газдун ІМ-41 3) Настя Пасічник (ІМ-23) 4) Інна Фескова (ІМ-23) 5) Лясковець Ольга (ІМ-12) 6) Урбанович Галина (ІМ-12) 7) Хомутовська Ірина (ІМ-12) 8) Луценко Ярослава (ІМ-12) 9) Юрчук Лілія (ІМ-12) 10) Бурковська Інна (ІМ-12) 11) Сиволап Данило (ІМ-12) 12) Карина Артемович (ІМ-23)
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Post by Michael Kalinichenko on Oct 5, 2017 16:05:36 GMT
1) ALL MEMBERS OF THE CLUB (who are not registered already) SHOULD REGISTER AT THE AKADEM-FORUM. 2) ALL MEMBERS OF THE CLUB SHOULD DOWNLOAD & READ THIS BOOK: CLICK ME -------------------------------------------------------------------- ПЕРЕЛІК УЧАСНИКІВ КЛУБУ (2017-2018) із обраним напрямком дослідження:
1) Владислав Паюк (ІФ-42) - ? 2) Мія Газдун ІМ-41 - ? 3) Настя Пасічник (ІФ-23) - ? 4) Інна Фескова (ІФ-23) - ? 5) Лясковець Ольга (ІФ-12) - ? 6) Урбанович Галина (ІФ-12) - ? 7) Хомутовська Ірина (ІФ-12) - ? 8) Луценко Ярослава (ІФ-12) - ? 9) Юрчук Лілія (ІФ-12) - ? 10) Бурковська Інна (ІФ-12) - ? 11) Сиволап Данило (ІФ-12) - ? 12) Карина Артемович (ІФ-23) - ? 13) Назар Болотнюк (ІФ-12) 14) Саша Михальчук (ІФ-12)
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Post by Michael Kalinichenko on Oct 5, 2017 16:16:25 GMT
LIST OF RESEARCH OPTIONS (work in progress):
1) George W. M. Reynolds - popular British novelist (life & works); 2) John Neal - popular American novelist (life & works); 3) George Lippard - popular American novelist (life & works); 4) American popular music (the The Hutchinson Family Singers) 5) American & / or British photography (1800s); 6) Maria Monk- popular American novelist (life & works); 7) President Andrew Jackson & American democracy; 8) American penny newspapers / British penny dreadfuls; 9) Fitz-Greene Halleck - American poet. 10) Rufus Wilmot Griswold - American poet, critic & editor; 11) Uncle Tom's Cabin & Harriet Beecher Stowe; 12) American sensational (criminal fiction) in 1800s; 13) Davy Crockett and \ or Mike Fink and \ or Daniel Boone (American Forntier stories); 14) American stage culture in the 1800s; 15) American paintings in the 1800s;
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Post by arsnomad31 on Dec 3, 2017 17:26:06 GMT
Cornelius Mathews ( October 28, 1817 – March 25, 1889), was an American writer, best known for his crucial role in the formation of a literary group known as Young America in the late 1830s, with editor Evert Duyckinck and author William Gilmore Simms. Mathews was born on October 28, 1817, in Port Chester, New York to Abijah Mathews and Catherine Van Cott. He attended Columbia College, graduated New York University in 1834. He then attended law school and passed the New York bar in 1837. At the time, American literature was generally regarded as necessarily inferior to the British, and American authors were encouraged to follow English models closely. This at least was the view espoused by the literary elite of New York, who tended to orbit the influential and conservative editor of the Knickerbocker Magazine, Lewis Gaylord Clark. Mathews vehemently disagreed, and called for a new literary style that would express a distinctly American identity, although this style was not to be a populist or demotic one. Their politics was limited to a call for international copyright law, to curb the wholesale copyright infringement of American literature in England. Stylistically, Mathews favored an approach that emphasized the cosmopolitan sweep and diversity of American society, bolder and more philosophical than the sort of cozy humor associated with the Knickerbocker Magazine (although Mathews did not refuse to appear in its pages), but not as abstruse and Germanic as the Transcendentalist literature of Boston. Mathews’ panacea was the emulation of Rabelais, whose Gargantua and Pantagruel, he believed, managed to advance philosophical penetration without etherializing its subject matter. For two years (1840–1842), Mathews and Duyckinck wrote for and co-edited Young America’s uneven journal, Arcturus, publishing also Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and James Russell Lowell. Mathews coined the name for the Young America movement in an 1845 speech. As he described the movement, "Here, in New York, is the seat and strong-hold of this young power: but, all over the land, day by day, new men are emerging into activity, who partake of these desires, who scorn and espise the past pettiness of the country, and who are ready to sustain any movement toward a better and nobler condition". Throughout the period of his principle literary activity, the 1840s and 1850s, Mathews contributed to and/or helped to edit all manner of American periodicals, including the New-Yorker, the Comic World, the New York Dramatic Mirror, the American Monthly Magazine, the New York Review, the New York Reveille, and a would-be rival to the Knickerbocker Magazine, the rapidly moribund Yankee Doodle. In 1853, he published A Pen-and-Ink Panorama of New York City, a collection of essays, character sketches, and sketches on the scenery of New York. Although he wrote several satirical plays, his most successful play was Witchcraft, or the Martyrs of Salem (1846), which was more serious in tone and written in blank verse. Cornelius Mathews died in New York City in 1889. American author Cornelius Mathews was a member of the literary group Young America, and was even a contemporary of Edgar Allen Poe for a time. He was disapproving of the idea American writers should adopt the English style of writing, and named his movement toward a new style of writing the Young America movement in 1845. His collection of Indian fairy tales, The Indian Fairy Book, was published in 1869. The stories for children feature Native American legends represents the only collection of folklore by Mathews, and were complied thanks to Henry R. Schoolcraft. The book was later published under the revised title The Enchanted Moccasins. Its tales represent some of the best lore of the Indian people, who had retold these stories to their children for generations. He was also a contributor and editor to a number of New York magazines, including the New-Yorker, The New York Review, the Yankee Doodle and more. Critical response and influence
Reviewing Mathews's Wakondah in Graham's Magazine Edgar Allan Poe wrote that it had "no merit whatever; while its faults... are of that rampant class which if any schoolboy could be found so uninformed as to commit them, any schoolboy should remorselessly be flogged for committing." Of Mathews's novel Puffer Hopkins, Poe called it "one of the most trashy novels that ever emanated from an American press". Mathews was such a strong proponent of copyright law, he was considered a joke by some in the literary scene. Critic and anthologist Rufus Wilmot Griswold included Mathews in his Prose Writers of America (1847) but criticized his vehement push for nationalist literature. "Mr. Mathews", Griswold said, "wrote very good English and very good sense until he was infected with the disease of building up a national literature." Charles Frederick Briggs satirized Mathews in the novel Trippings of Tom Pepper, depicting him as a lawyer named Mr. Ferocious who frequently interrupts others to advocate literature which is "fresh, home-born" and free of foreign influence. Margaret Fuller, however, supported his advocacy for a national literature and said that Mathew's play Witchcraft was an example of "a true, genuine, invincible Americanism." Elizabeth Barrett Browning prefaced her poem "A Rhapsody Of Life's Progress" with a quote, "Fill all the stops of life with tuneful breath.", and note on Mathews, "… an American poet—as remarkable, in thought and manner, for a vital sinewy vigour, as the right arm of Pathfinder." American literary historian Perry Miller, writing in The Raven and the Whale, suggested that Herman Melville was influenced by Mathew's Behemoth (1839) when writing Moby-Dick. Melville invited Mathews to his home in 1850. Selected list of worksNovels:
-The Motley Book (1838) -Behemoth: A Legend of the Mound-Builders (1839) -The Career of Puffer Hopkins (1842) -Big Abel and the Little Manhattan (1845) -Moneypenny: or, The Heart of the World (1849) -Chanticleer: A Thanksgiving Story of the Peabody Family (1850) Poetry :-Wakondah: The Master of Life (1841) -Poems on Man in His Various Aspects Under the American Republic (1843) -The Indian Fairy Book (1855), reprinted in 1877 under the title The Enchanted Moccasins Plays:-The Politician (1840, never produced) -Witchcraft, or the Martyrs of Salem (1846) -Jacob Leisler (1848) -False Pretences; or, Both Sides of Good Society (1855) Behemoth: A Legend of the Mound-Builders This amazing work has been produced by Cornelius in the true spirit of preserving the roots of his nation. He has endeavoured to portray before the readers the nation that dwelled the American continent before them and before the natives. Although endowed with his own imagination, he has based his work on facts and evidences (I recommend watching a movie). Most children's books published in the United States in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, whether realistic or fantastic , were essentially English or European in content. The mid century saw the first publication of collections of folk tales from(or ostensibly from) America's various other ethnic groups, including The Indian Fairy Book(1856), retold for children by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and Cornelius Mathews. The Politician, a Comedy in Five Acts.Two of the most important desiderata for our are a great poet and a great humorous writer. No nation ever be truly respected by others or know rightly how to itself without a national literature. A land without original authors is like a man without the faculty of who is thrust aside and overlooked in every company the institutions will be neglected the manners laughed the character misunderstood till the world is compelled listen to the true explanation at the hand of a great. It is in vain that a nation is said to live epic poems if do not write them. Facts are gross material things little light in themselves to be slowly discovered unless illuminated by principles and who can set these forth the poet. He is the only interpreter of every age true mediator among nations. If the attainments the the hopes of the present time its true portent worthily written jn verse America the great leader and of the spirit of the age would not be at mercy of mere critics or be found vindicating herself the splenetic attacks of dyspeptic travellers. Other would do us honor and we should have a constant by which to guide our own achievements. The poet before and after would teach us wherein to be wherein to hope and strive Along side of the poet for poetry in future must bear this character in scarcely inferior rank would be the man who should in some enduring literary form whether in the or the Novel the humorous traits of society as they are. The Writter who shall be inspired to do this will deserve to be honored that it can and must be done is evident to the most careless observer of the social state the most indifferent student of literature. The spirit of the present day in its various forms of development must have a hearing in books. We will not be always content with stale repetitions of the past to sit down to the cold banquet of the jokes of a hundred years since or never laugh without first transporting ourselves to the other side of the Atlantic. There have been humorous writers since Goldsmith nor did the spirit of farce and comedy die with Foote and Colman. There is humor out of Fleet street and the Strand New York may support its humorists and humorous writers surely out of its three hundred thousand souls who pursue the game of life with as many cross purposes a sufficiency of adventures who love and laugh are witty in themselves and the cause of wit in others equally with any other Anglo Saxon collection of people on the face of the globe .
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Post by Karyna Artemovych ІФ-23 on Dec 6, 2017 20:28:12 GMT
London by William Blake Read by Karyna Artemovych ІФ-23
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Post by Mia_Hasdun_IM-41 on Dec 8, 2017 22:08:29 GMT
Biography John Neal (August 25, 1793 – June 20, 1876), was an author and art/literary critic. He was a man of diverse talents and objectives, many of which were pioneering in his day. For example, he is credited as being the first American author to employ colloquialism in his writing, breaking with more formal traditions in literature. However, he was also undisciplined and often rambling, so despite its period significance, his literary work has drifted into obscurity. He was also an early women's rights advocate, prohibitionist, temperance advocate, opponent of dueling, accomplished lawyer, boxer, and architect. Boyhood, young adulthood, and early business Born in a yellow frame house on Free Street at the corner of South Street in Portland, Maine of Quaker parents, he attended school until the age of twelve whereupon he entered into business. For nine years he made a living as haberdasher, clerk, dry goods dealer, traveling penmanship tutor, and miniature artist, among other things, before entering law school in Baltimore, Maryland in 1815. Neal supported himself while in school by writing for local periodicals, and he helped found a literary society, The Delphian Club. Neal wrote for and eventually edited the journal the Delphians created—a short-lived but influential and admired monthly journal titled The Portico. In short time, he turned to novels and poetry, publishing six novels and two epic poems (under the pseudonymous 'clubicular' name, "Jehu O'Cataract," a nickname given to him by the Delphians because of his rapid production). He was proud of the speed with which he threw off his volumes, often taking only a week to finish an entire novel. He wrote during this stage in his life that, "I shall write, as others drink, for exhilaration." Neal left for England in late 1823. English stint John Neal's time in London (1824–1827) was a mission: to win recognition in Europe of American literature and demystify the land of his birth in the eyes of the British literary elite. He attempted to fulfill this mission through his work for Blackwood's Magazine, and one novel, published in England: Brother Jonathan, or the New Englanders. He wrote in his column for Blackwood's about American life and critiqued American authors. After a falling out with the editor of Blackwood's, Neal wrote for several other leading periodicals including the Westminster Review, and as part of a debating society, he met Jeremy Bentham, who invited Neal to live with him in London. After a short trip to Paris, Neal returned to Portland, Maine. Life back in Portland When he returned to Portland in 1827, he was rather ill-received, as some of his writing, perhaps Errata (1823) or "Keep Cool" (1817), a kiss and tell story about his experiences in Portland as a youngster, was found offensive by many locals. Unbeknown to his denouncers, his return to Portland was planned as merely a visit, but faced with such opposition, he decided to stay. In his autobiography, Wandering Recollections of a Somewhat Busy Life, he writes, “'Verily, verily,' said I, 'if they take that position, here I will stay, till I am both rooted and grounded–grounded in the graveyard, if nowhere else.'” Indeed, he spent the rest of his life in Portland, re-establishing his law practice and a short-lived literary periodical called The Yankee. He guided many an author or artist through critique and encouragement, among them Edgar Allan Poe, Benjamin Paul Akers, and Charles Codman. In addition to his literary work, Neal also helped found several gymnasiums in Portland (including one at the former Fort Sumner) and throughout the state of Maine. He is often referred to as "The Father of Organized Maine Athletics." He maintained a solid physique into old age, which he demonstrated when he threw a stubborn cigar-smoker off a non-smoking street car at the age of 79. Partial bibliography Keep Cool, 1817 Battle of Niagara, 1818 Goldau, or, the Maniac Helper, 1818 Otho; a Tragedy in Five Acts, 1819 Logan, 1822 Seventy-six, 1823 Randolph, 1823 Errata, 1823 Brother Jonathan, or the New Englanders, 1825 Rachel Dyer, 1828 Authorship, a Tale, 1830 The Down-Easters, 1833 One Word More, 1854 True Womanhood. A Tale, 1859 Wandering Recollections of a Somewhat Busy Life, 1869 Great Mysteries and Little Plagues, 1870 The following biographical account of John Neal, an early and prolific writer of novels, plays, poems and essays, appears on the Waterboro Public Library, Maine Writers Index and republished here with the gracious permission of the Waterboro Public Library: John Neal (23 August 1793-20 June 1876). John Neal was an important voice in 19th-century literature as a writer and critic who wrote one of the earliest histories of American literature. Born in Portland, he moved to Baltimore when he was 21 to start a dry goods business. When the business failed, he became the editor of The Portico, a monthly literary magazine that also had a short life. Neal's first novel, Keep Cool, Written in Hot Weather, by Somebody M.D.C., &c., &c., &c. Author of Sundry Works of Great Merit, Never Published, or Read, From His Story. Reviewed by Himself —- "Esquire", was published in 1817. The next year he published two narrative poems, "Battle of the Niagara, a Poem, without Notes," and "Goldau, or, the Maniac Harper," for which he used the pen name Jehu O'Cataract. Shortly after Neal traveled to England in 1823, he met Jeremy Bentham, the philosopher, who hired him as his secretary. While in England, Neal wrote a series of five articles on 135 American writers for Blackwood's Magazine. This is noteworthy, as the Blackwood editors had no use for American writers or writing. Although riddled with error, the series is considered the first effort to chronicle and explain American literature and was reprinted as American Writers in 1937. When Neal returned to Portland in 1827, he opened the city's first gymnasium as he had become a strong proponent of physical well being as a means of advancing social and political well being. Neal, who was an early advocate for equal rights for minorities and women, severed his relationship with the gym when the majority of members would not support his nomination of African-Americans for membership. He established gymnasiums in other Maine cities and taught boxing and bowling at Bowdoin College. In addition to his writing, Neal was also known as an editor, architect, lawyer, historian, and women's rights advocate. He wrote numerous magazine articles on American artists and is considered one of the United States' first major art critics. Although a strong opponent of dueling, he was not against using his fist or his physical strength to challenge an opponent. One of the more frequently cited Neal stories is one in which he, at 79 years old, is noted for throwing a defiant cigar-smoking passenger off a street car. George Bancroft Griffith (ed.), The Poets of Maine 40(Portland, Maine, Elwell, Pickard & Co., 1888): John Neal, Esq., also known in the literary world as "John O'Cataract," was born in Portland, Aug. 25th, 1793, and died there in 1876. He was not a college graduate, but a self-educated man, and through his perseverance and great industry, gained success i literary acquirements. In early manhood Mr. Neal was in co-partnership with John Pierpont, afterward known as Rev. John Pierpoint, the poet, in mercantile pursuits, but not meeting with success, they abandoned trade, and chose the more hazardous one of literature, in which, however, they were abundantly successful. Mr. Neal's first articles appeared in "The Portico," a southern monthly magazine. He was the author of Niagara and Other Poems," and editor of "The Yankee," a well-known literary sheet, and other publications. John Neal Perspectives in American Literature John Neal Wikipedia John Neal Northern Illinois University Libraries John Neal PictureHistory.com Poems The Soldier's Visit to His Family William Cullen Bryant, Selections from the American Poets (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1860) [William Cullen Bryant] [Men of the North] [Music of the Night]. Poetry John Neal, Battle of Niagara, a Poem, Without Notes; and Goldau, or, The Maniac Harper (N.G. Maxwell, From the Portico Press, Geo. W. Grater, Printer, 1818)(pseud. Jehu O'Cataract) [online text] Autobiography|Correspondence John Neal, Wandering Recollections of a Somewhat Busy Life (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1869) [online text] John Neal, Letters to Edgar A. Poe (Folcroft, Pennsylvania: Folcroft Library Editions, 1972)(Mayne Reid ed.) John Neal, Correspondence, 1840-1843 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1933) John Neal Quotes “A certain amount of opposition is a great help to a man; it is what he wants and must have to be good for anything. Hardship and opposition are the native soil of manhood and self-reliance.” “Opposition is what we want and must have to be good for anything. Hardship is the native soil of manhood and self-reliance.” “The million covet wealth, but how few dream of its perils?” “Drinking water neither makes a man sick, nor in debt, nor his wife a widow.” “Talk to the point, and stop when you have reached it. The faculty some possess of making one idea cover a quire of paper is not good for much. Be comprehensive in all you say or write. To fill a volume upon nothing is a credit to nobody; though Lord Chesterfield wrote a very clever poem upon nothing.”
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Post by Vladislav_Paiyk_IM42 on Dec 11, 2017 15:08:57 GMT
Rufus Wilmot Griswold (born Feb. 15, 1815 — died Aug. 27, 1857) was an American journalist, critic, poet, anthologist, and editor. Griswold was born on February 13, 1812, in Vermont, near Rutland, and raised a strict Calvinist in the hamlet of Benson. He was the twelfth of 14 children and his father was a farmer and shoemaker. In 1822, the family sold the Benson farm and moved to nearby Hubbardton. As a child, Griswold was complex, unpredictable, and reckless. He left home when he was 15, calling himself a "solitary soul, wandering through the world, a homeless, joyless outcast". Griswold moved to Albany, New York to live with a 22-year-old flute-playing journalist named George C. Foster, a writer best known for his work New-York by Gas-Light. Griswold lived with Foster until he was 17, and the two may have had a romantic relationship. When Griswold moved away, Foster wrote to him begging him to return, signing his letter "come to me if you love me."Griswold attempted to enroll at the Rensselaer School in 1830, but was not allowed to take any classes after he was caught attempting to play a prank on a professor. After a brief spell as a printer's apprentice, Griswold moved to Syracuse where, with some friends, he started a newspaper called The Porcupine. This publication purposefully targeted locals for what was later remembered as merely malicious critique. He moved to New York City in 1836. In March of that year was introduced to 19-year-old Caroline Searles, whom he later married. He was employed as an editor for various publications in the New York area. In October, he considered running for office as a Whig but did not receive the party's support. In 1837 he was licensed as a Baptist clergyman, although he never had a permanent congregation. Griswold married Caroline on August 12, 1837, and the couple had two daughters. Following the birth of their second daughter, Griswold left his family behind in New York and moved to Philadelphia. His departure on November 27, 1840, was by all accounts abrupt, leaving his job with Horace Greeley's New York Tribune, and his library of several thousand volumes. He joined the staff of Philadelphia's Daily Standard and began to build his reputation as a literary critic, becoming known for his savagery and vindictiveness. On November 6, 1842, Griswold visited his wife in New York after she had given birth to their third child, a son. Three days later, after returning to Philadelphia, he was informed that both she and the infant had died. Deeply shocked, Griswold traveled by train alongside her coffin, refusing to leave her side for 30 hours. When fellow passengers urged him to try to sleep, he answered by kissing her dead lips and embracing her, his two children crying next to him. He refused to leave the cemetery after her funeral, even after the other mourners had left, until forced to do so by a relative. He wrote a long poem in blank verse dedicated to Caroline, "Five Days," which was printed in the New York Tribune on November 16, 1842. Griswold had difficulty believing she had died and often dreamed of their reunion. Forty days after her entombment, he entered her vault, cut off a lock of her hair, kissed her on the forehead and lips, and wept for several hours, staying by her side until a friend found him 30 hours later. In 1842, Griswold released his 476-page anthology of American poetry, The Poets and Poetry of America, which he dedicated to Washington Allston. Griswold's collection featured poems from over 80 authors, including 17 by Lydia Sigourney (1781-1865), three by Edgar Allan Poe, and 45 by Charles Fenno Hoffman. Hoffman, a close friend, was allotted twice as much space as any other author. Griswold went on to oversee many other anthologies, including Biographical Annual, which collected memoirs of "eminent persons recently deceased," Gems from American Female Poets, Prose Writers of America, and Female Poets of America (1848). Prose Writers of America, published in 1847, was prepared specifically to compete with a similar anthology by Cornelius Mathews and Evert Augustus Duyckinck. In preparing his anthologies, Griswold would write to the living authors whose work he was including to ask their suggestions on which poems to include, as well as to gather information for a biographical sketch. In 1843 Griswold founded The Opal, an annual gift book that collected essays, stories, and poetry. Nathaniel Parker Willis edited its first edition, which was released in the fall of 1844. For a time, Griswold was editor of the Saturday Evening Post and also published a collection of his own original poetry, The Cypress Wreath (1844). His poems, with titles such as "The Happy Hour of Death," "On the Death of a Young Girl," and "The Slumber of Death," emphasized mortality and mourning. Another collection of his poetry, Christian Ballads and Other Poems, was published in 1844, and his nonfiction book, The Republican Court or, American Society in the Days of Washington, was published in 1854. The book is meant to cover events during the presidency of George Washington, though it mixes historical fact with apocryphal legend until one is indistinguishable from the other. During this period, Griswold occasionally offered his services at the pulpit delivering sermons and he may have received an honorary doctorate from Shurtleff College, a Baptist institution in Illinois, leading to his nickname the "Reverend Dr. Griswold." On August 20, 1845, Griswold married Charlotte Myers, a Jewish woman; she was 42 and he was 29. Griswold had been pressured into the marriage by the woman's aunts, despite his concern about their difference in religious beliefs. This difference was strong enough that one of Griswold's friends referred to his wife only as "the little Jewess." On their wedding night, he discovered that she was, according to Griswold biographer Joy Bayless, "through some physical misfortune, incapable of being a wife" or, as Poe biographer Kenneth Silverman explains, incapable of having sex. Griswold considered the marriage void and no more valid "than there would have been had the ceremony taken place between parties of the same sex, or where the sex of one was doubtful or ambiguous". Still, the couple moved together to Charleston, South Carolina, Charlotte's home town, and lived under the same roof, albeit sleeping in separate rooms. Neither of the two was happy with the situation, and at the end of April 1846 she had a lawyer write up a contract "to separate, altogether and forever, ... which would in effect be a divorce." The contract forbade Griswold from re-marrying and paid him $1,000 for expenses in exchange for his daughter Caroline staying with the Myers family. After this separation, Griswold immediately moved back to Philadelphia. A few years later, Griswold moved back to New York City, leaving his younger daughter in the care of the Myers family and his elder daughter, Emily, with relatives on her mother's side. He had by now earned the nickname "Grand Turk," and in the summer of 1847 made plans to edit an anthology of poetry by American women. He believed that women were incapable of the same kind of "intellectual" poetry as men and believed they needed to be treated differently. "The conditions of aesthetic ability in the two sexes are probably distinct, or even opposite," he wrote in his introduction. The selections he chose for The Female Poets of America were not necessarily the greatest examples of poetry but instead were chosen because they emphasized traditional morality and values. That same year, Griswold began working on what he considered "the maximum opus of his life," an extensive biographical dictionary. Although he worked on it for several years and even advertised for it, it was never produced. He also helped Elizabeth F. Ellet publish her book Women of the American Revolution, and was angered when she did not acknowledge his assistance in the book. In July 1848, he visited poet Sarah Helen Whitman in Providence, Rhode Island, although he had been suffering with vertigo and exhaustion, rarely leaving his apartment at New York University, and was unable to write without taking opium. In autumn of that year, he had an epileptic fit, the first of many he would suffer for the remainder of his life. One fit caused him to fall out of a ferry in Brooklyn and nearly drown. He wrote to publisher James Thomas Fields: "I am in a terrible condition, physically and mentally. I do not know what the end will be … I am exhausted—betwixt life and death — and heaven and hell". In 1849, he was further troubled when Charles Fenno Hoffman, with whom he had become good friends, was committed to an insane asylum. He continued editing and contributing literary criticism for various publications, both full-time and freelance, including 22 months from July 1, 1850, to April 1, 1852, with The International Magazine. There, he worked with contributors including Elizabeth Oakes Smith, Mary E. Hewitt and John R. Thompson. In the November 10, 1855, issue of The Criterion, Griswold reviewed Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass, denouncing the work as "a mass of stupid filth." He also suggested, in Latin, that Whitman was homosexual, referring to "that horrible sin not to be mentioned among Christians". Whitman chose to include the review in a later edition of Leaves of Grass, possibly to show how he was distancing himself from the conventional. Griswold was one of the first in the nineteenth century to suggest Whitman's homosexuality in print. After a brief flirtation with Alice Cary, Griswold pursued a relationship with Harriet McCrillis. He originally did not want to divorce Charlotte Myers because he "dreaded the publicity" and because of her love for his daughter. He applied for divorce at the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia on March 25, 1852. Elizabeth Ellet and Ann S. Stephens wrote to Myers urging her not to grant the divorce, and to McCrillis not to marry him. To convince Myers to agree to the divorce, Griswold allowed her to keep his daughter Caroline if she signed a statement that she had deserted him. She agreed and the divorce was made official December 18; he likely never saw Myers or his daughter again. McCrillis and Griswold were married shortly thereafter on December 26, 1852, and settled at 196 West Twenty-third Street in New York. Their son, William, was born on October 9, 1853. Ellet and Stephens continued writing to Griswold's ex-wife, urging her to have the divorce repealed. Myers was finally convinced and filed in Philadelphia on September 23, 1853. The court, however, had lost records of the divorce and had to delay the appeal. Adding to Griswold's troubles, that fall, a gas leak in his home caused an explosion and a fire. He was severely burned, losing his eyelashes, eyebrows, and seven of his finger nails. That same year, his 15-year-old daughter, Emily, nearly died in Connecticut. A train she was riding on had fallen off a drawbridge into a river. When Griswold arrived he saw 49 corpses in a make-shift morgue. Emily had been pronounced dead when pinned underwater but a doctor was able to revive her. On February 24, 1856, the divorce appeal went to court, with Ellet and Stephens providing lengthy testimony against Griswold's character. Neither Griswold nor Myers attended and the appeal was dismissed. Embarrassed by the ordeal, McCrillis left Griswold in New York and moved in with family in Bangor, Maine. Griswold died of tuberculosis in New York City on August 27, 1857. Sarah Anna Lewis, a friend and writer, suggested that the interference of Elizabeth Ellet had exacerbated Griswold's condition and that she "goaded Griswold to his death". At the time of his death, the sole decorations found in his room were portraits of himself, Frances Osgood, and Poe. A friend, Charles Godfrey Leland, found in Griswold's desk several documents attacking a number of authors which Griswold was preparing for publication. Leland decided to burn them. Green-Wood Cemetery. Section 32, Lot 14668. In this lot Criswold was buried, but currently, there is no visible marker for his grave.
Griswold's funeral was held on August 30. His pallbearers included Leland, Charles Frederick Briggs, George Henry Moore, and Richard Henry Stoddard. His remains were left for eight years in the receiving tomb of Green-Wood Cemetery before they were buried on July 12, 1865 without a headstone. Although his library of several thousand volumes was auctioned off, raising over $3,000 to be put towards a monument, one was never commissioned. Amount his works there are: Anthologies • Biographical Annual (1841) • The Poets and Poetry of America (1842, first of several editions) • Gems from American Female Poets (1842) • Readings in American Poetry for the Use of Schools (1843) • Curiosities of American Literature (1844) • The Poets and Poetry of England in the Nineteenth Century (1844) • The Prose Works of John Milton (1845) • The Poets and Poetry of England (1845) • Poetry of the Sentiments (1846) • Scenes in the Life of the Savior (1846) • Prose Writers of America (1847) • Female Poets of America (1848) • The Sacred Poets of England and America (1848) • Gift Leaves of American Poetry (1849) • Poetry of the Flowers (1850) • The Gift of Affection (1853) • Gift of Flowers, or Love's Wreath (1853) • Gift of Love (1853) • Gift of Sentiment (1854) Poetry • The Cypress Wreath: A Book of Consolation (1844) • Illustrated Book of Christian Ballads (1844) Nonfiction • The Republican Court or, American Society in the Days of Washington (1854) Speaking about his biographical works, there are: 1842: Washington Allston 1842: John G. C. Brainard 1842: James Gordon Brooks 1842: William Cullen Bryant 1842: Willis Gaylord Clark 1842: Richard Henry Dana 1842: Joseph Rodman Drake 1842: Rev. Timothy Dwight 1842: Sumner Lincoln Fairfield 1842: Philip Freneau 1842: Fitz-Greene Halleck 1842: David Humphreys 1842: George Lunt 1842: Isaac McLellan 1842: Grenville Mellen 1842: James Kirke Paulding 1842: Rev. Oliver William Bourne Peabody 1842: James Gates Percival 1842: Robert Charles Sands 1842: Lydia Huntley Sigourney 1842: Charles Sprague 1842: John Trumbull 1842: Rev. Carlos Wilcox 1849: Anne Bradstreet 1849: Elizabeth Margaret Chandler 1849: Sophia Little 1860: Sumner Lincoln Fairfield 1860: Philip Freneau 1860: Rev. Samuel Gilman 1860: Thomas Godfrey 1860: John Milton Harney 1860: James Ralph 1860: Rev. William Bingham Tappan 1860: St. George Tucker Despite being a good author and his impact on literature sciences, he is better known for his complicated relationship with Edgar Allan Poe, who was was an American writer, editor, and literary critic: when Poe died in 1849, Griswold, using the pseudonym Ludwig, published an obituary of Poe that read, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it":
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Post by Nazar_Bolotniuk_IF22 on Feb 24, 2018 17:16:10 GMT
David "Davy" Crockett (1786-1836)
David Crockett famed as a frontiersman, folk hero, congressman and Alamo defender, Davy Crockett was one of the most celebrated and mythologized figures in American history. Crockett’s biographers often say there were actually two Crocketts: David, the frontiersman and congressman martyred at the Alamo, and Davy, the larger-than-life folk hero whose exploits were glorified in several books and a series of almanacs.
Who Was Davy Crockett?
Davy Crockett was born in 1786 in Tennessee. In 1813, he participated in a massacre against the Creek Indians at Tallushatchee and later earned a seat in the 21st U.S. Congress. He was re-elected to Congress twice before leaving politics to fight in the Texas Revolution. On March 6, 1836, Crockett was killed at the Battle of the Alamo in San Antonio, though the exact circumstances of his death have been the subject of debate.Background and Early Life Davy Crockett was born as David Crockett on August 17, 1786, in Greene County, Tennessee. He was the fifth of nine children born to parents John and Rebecca (Hawkins) Crockett. Crockett's father taught him to shoot a rifle when he was just 8 years old. As a youngster, he eagerly accompanied his older brothers on hunting trips. But, when he turned 13, his father insisted that he enroll in school. After only a few days of attendance, Crockett fought the class bully and was afraid to go back lest he face punishment or revenge. Instead, he ran away from home and spent more than two years wandering while honing his skills as a woodsman. Just before he turned 16, Crockett went home and helped work off his father's debt to a man named John Canady. After the debt was paid, he continued working for Canady. At just a day shy of 20, Crockett married Mary Finley. The two would have two sons and a daughter before Mary died. Crockett then wed Elizabeth Patton, with the couple having two children. Congressman Crockett Having returned home, Crockett became a member of the Tennessee State House of Representatives from 1821 to 1823. In 1825, he ran for the 19th U.S. Congress, but lost. Running as a supporter of Andrew Jackson in 1826, Crockett earned a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. In March of 1829, he changed his political stance to anti-Jacksonian and was reelected to the 21st Congress, though he failed to garner a seat in the 22nd Congress. He was, however, elected to the 23rd Congress in 1833. Crockett's stint in Congress concluded in 1835, after his run for reelection to the 24th Congress ended in defeat. Frontiersman and Folk Legend During his political career, Crockett developed a reputation as a frontiersman that, while at times exaggerated, elevated him to folk legend status. While Crockett was indeed a skilled woodsman, his fame as a Herculean, rebellious, sharpshooting, tale-spinning and larger-than-life woodsman was at least partially a product of his efforts to package himself and win votes during his political campaigns. The strategy proved largely effective; his renown helped him defeat the incumbent candidate in his 1833 bid for reelection to Congress. Death at the Alamo and Controversy After Crockett lost the 1835 congressional election, he grew disillusioned with politics and decided to join the fight in the Texas Revolution. On March 6, 1836, he was believed to be killed at the Battle of the Alamo in San Antonio, Texas. In a 1975 English translation, the memoirs of a Mexican officer named José Enrique de la Peña stated that Crockett and his comrades at arms were executed, though they "died without complaining and without humiliating themselves before their torturers." Yet questions over the memoir, which was first published in 1955, have risen over the years, with some scholars disagreeing over the veracity of the account of Crockett's death. Thus the exact circumstances of his demise at the Alamo remain the subject of debate.
10 short things You May Not Know About Davy Crockett- Crockett was born in a state that no longer exists.
- He ran away from home as a boy.
- He was a veteran of the Creek War and the War of 1812.
- Crockett often made his living as a bear hunter.
- He had a troubled career in Congress.
- An 1831 play helped make Crockett a legendary figure.
- He helped foil an assassination attempt on Andrew Jackson.
- Crockett only spent three months in Texas before his death.
- He may have been one of the last men standing at the Battle of the Alamo.
- Walt Disney helped revive his fame.
The most famous books- Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier
- А narrative of the Life of David Crockett
- David Crockett: The Lion of the West
- Autobiography of David Crockett
By: Nazar Bolothnuk and Sasha Mikhalchuk
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Post by Yuliia_Lopanchuk_IF-42 on Feb 25, 2018 13:24:54 GMT
Harriet Beecher Stowe was born on June 14, 1811, in Litchfield, Connecticut. Her father, Lyman Beecher, was a leading Congregationalist minister and the patriarch of a family committed to social justice. Stowe achieved national fame for her anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which fanned the flames of sectionalism before the Civil War. Stowe died in Hartford, Connecticut, on July 1, 1896.
Early Life Harriet Elizabeth Beecher was born on June 14, 1811, in Litchfield, Connecticut. She was one of 13 children born to religious leader Lyman Beecher and his wife, Roxanna Foote Beecher, who died when Harriet was a child. Harriet’s seven brothers grew up to be ministers, including the famous leader Henry Ward Beecher. Her sister Catharine Beecher was an author and a teacher who helped to shape Harriet’s social views. Another sister, Isabella, became a leader of the cause of women’s rights. Harriet enrolled in a school run by Catharine, following the traditional course of classical learning usually reserved for young men. At the age of 21, she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, where her father had become the head of the Lane Theological Seminary.
Lyman Beecher took a strong abolitionist stance following the pro-slavery Cincinnati Riots of 1836. His attitude reinforced the abolitionist beliefs of his children, including Stowe. Stowe found like-minded friends in a local literary association called the Semi-Colon Club. Here, she formed a friendship with fellow member and seminary teacher Calvin Ellis Stowe. They were married on January 6, 1836, and eventually moved to a cottage near in Brunswick, Maine, close to Bowdoin College.
Career Along with their interest in literature, Harriet and Calvin Stowe shared a strong belief in abolition. In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law, prompting distress and distress in abolitionist and free black communities of the North. Stowe decided to express her feelings through a literary representation of slavery, basing her work on the life of Josiah Henson and on her own observations. In 1851, the first installment of Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in the National Era. Uncle Tom's Cabin was published as a book the following year and quickly became a best seller.
Stowe’s emotional portrayal of the impact of slavery, particularly on families and children, captured the nation's attention. Embraced in the North, the book and its author aroused hostility in the South. Enthusiasts staged theatrical performances based on the story, with the characters of Tom, Eva and Topsy achieving iconic status.
After the Civil War began, Stowe traveled to Washington, D.C., where she met with Abraham Lincoln. A possibly apocryphal but popular story credits Lincoln with the greeting, “So you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.” While little is known about the meeting, the persistence of this story captures the perceived significance of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in the split between North and South.
Later Life Stowe continued to write and to champion social and political causes for the rest of her life. She published stories, essays, textbooks and a long list of novels, including Oldtown Folks and Dred. While none of these matched Uncle Tom’s Cabin in terms of popularity, Stowe remained well known and respected in the North, particularly in reform-minded communities. She was often asked to weigh in on political issues of the day, such as Mormon polygamy.
Despite the moral rectitude of the Beechers, the family was not immune to scandal. In 1872, charges of an adulterous affair between Henry Ward Beecher and a female parishioner brought national scandal. Stowe maintained that her brother was innocent throughout the subsequent trial.
While Stowe is closely associated with New England, she spent a considerable amount of time near Jacksonville, Florida. Among Stowe’s many causes was the promotion of Florida as a vacation destination and a place for social and economic investment. The Stowe family spent winters in Mandarin, Florida. One of Stowe’s books, Palmetto Leaves, takes place in northern Florida, describing both the land and the people of that region.
Stowe died on July 1, 1896, in Hartford, Connecticut. She was 85. Her body is buried at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, under the epitaph “Her Children Rise up and Call Her Blessed.”
Legacy Landmarks dedicated to the life, work and memory of Harriet Beecher Stowe exist across the eastern United States.
The Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Brunswick, Maine, is where Stowe lived when she wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin. In 2001, Bowdoin College purchased the house, together with a newer attached building, and was able to raise the substantial funds necessary to restore the house.
The Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Hartford, Connecticut, preserved the home where Stowe lived for the final decades of her life. The home is now a museum, featuring items owned by Stowe, as well as a research library. The home of Stowe’s next-door neighbor, Samuel Clemens (better known as Mark Twain), is also open to the public.
By: Yulia Lopanchuk and Olga Liaskovets
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Post by Helen_Urbanovych_IF22 on Mar 6, 2018 10:25:07 GMT
American penny newspapers The climate in America during the 19th century was a culturally diverse one, a melting pot. As the middle and working classes grew, with varying views both cultural and political, this diverse population was hungry for new knowledge. Literate Americans wanted information daily, quickly and for it to be readily available to the public. The Penny Press could not have come at a better time. It was a daily newspaper that made their appearance during the 1830s, on the American East Coast. Mass and inexpensive production made this newspaper popular with the reading public. It also extended its influence to the poorer classes (as most newspapers at the time sold for 6-cents). The Penny Press was delivered for just1-cent, a penny.
The first Penny Paper was published in 1833 and within just a few months, it had the largest circulation of any newspaper in New York City. It was Benjamin Day’s New York Sun, a neat, four-page paper emphasizing not partisan politics or mercantile news but human interest sagas (especially those involving crime and sex) and exposés of financial, political, social, even religious, improprieties—all presented in a fresh, flippant manner for the price of one cent. Local reporters, a novelty in themselves, aroused a new appetite for city happenings with such innovations as the police beat, society reports, and scandal sniffing. Benjamin Day was the founding father of the first Penny Newspaper, the New York Sun. He articulated his purpose in printing the paper proclaiming that: "The object of this paper is to lay before the public at a price within the means of everyone all the news of the day and at the same time offer an advantageous medium for advertisements”. This motto was printed at the top of every page of the newspaper.
Benjamin Day
There was also another famous newspaper New York Morning Herald, due to it people were informed about political essays and scandals, business stories, a letters section, fashion notes, moral reflections, religious news, society gossip, colloquial tales and jokes, sports stories, and later reports from correspondents sent to cover the Civil War.
Quite possibly the most famous penny press paper was started in 1851 by two men: George Jones (publisher) and Henry Raymond. This paper was originally named The New York Daily Times, but was later changed to The New York Times in 1857. Originally sold at one cent per paper, it became famous for incorporating journalistic standards that are common today, as well as having very high quality reporting and writing. The first issue of the New York Daily Times addressed the various speculations about its purpose and positions that preceded its release.
The rise of the Penny Press helped reshape society in many fundamental ways. It made news accessible to all of society’s classes, developed and nurtured objectivity in the latest news, and solidified the strong relationship between advertisers and publishers. The rise of the Penny Press in America, significantly impacted culture and society as it fulfilled a thirst for knowledge and increased engagement in the working class, with stories that interested them and that they could easily relate to. Before the development of Day's Penny Press newspaper, the average American citizen may not have been able to purchase a daily newspaper, or even been aware that such a thing exists. The penny papers introduced the cash system of circulation, where distributors or newsboys relied on street sales instead of the previous method of subscription sales. The Penny Press not only played a key role in the development of the modern newspaper, but also significantly impacted the accessibility and affordability of education. Although not entirely responsible for the rise in literacy, the increase in readers the Penny Press brought, is significant in its role in education. The newspaper industry provided literate persons the ability to absorb printed text at their own pace and to develop their own points of views. This could be done in the privacy of one’s own home and/or in other comfortable settings.
The Power of Print of Penny Press newspapers played a major role in defining American society in early 19th century. Knowledge and the power of information, was transferred from the upper class aristocrats to the working class Americans. As a result, society gained access to nonbiased daily news at an affordable rate, broadening local and global perspectives. The power of print had fundamental effects on society. Benjamin H. Day and his Penny Press newspaper, significantly revolutionized print in America in the early 1800's. Penny Press newspapers had a substantial impact with the ways in which society absorbed information and became educated.
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Post by Inna_Burkovska_IF32 on Mar 7, 2018 12:03:31 GMT
American popular music (the The Hutchinson Family Singers)
Who are The Hutchinson Family Singers? The Hutchinson Family Singers were an American family singing group who became the most popular American entertainers of the 1840s. The group sang in four-part harmony a repertoire of political, social, comic, sentimental and dramatic works, and are considered by many to be the first uniquely American popular music performers. In contrast to the prevailing sentimental and minstrel songs of the period, their music confronted social issues and embraced causes including woman suffrage, prohibition of alcohol, and opposition to slavery and to the Mexican-American War. . Born and raised in Milford, U.S., three brothers—Judson, who sang tenor, John, a baritone who could sing falsetto, Asa, who sang bass —and their youngest sister, Abby, a contralto, formed a quartet and began giving concerts in New England in 1841.
History of their formation and early performances
In the 1830s, European itinerant entertainers such as the Austrian Tyrolese Minstrels and the Strassers toured the United States and whetted American appetites for groups who sang in four-part harmony. John Hutchinson saw a Tyrolese Minstrels concert in either Boston or Lynn, Massachusetts, probably in 1840. He was impressed by what he heard, and he decided to teach the rest of his family to sing in the same style. Initially their repertoire was centred around conventional melodramatic songs, but the Hutchinsons’ contacts with Frederick Douglass and with the Washingtonian movement of reformed alcoholics led a fourth brother, Jesse, to invent original lyrics with temperance themes to familiar hymns and folk songs. The quartet sang at antislavery rallies, including a Boston rally that drew 20,000 people, as well as in concerts in the eastern and midwestern United States and spent much of 1845–46 touring the British Isles. Despite a decline in popularity after the departure of Abby in 1849, the trio of brothers continued to tour together, sometimes attracting controversy, even violence, until 1855. When a member of the group wrote a new song, each of the four singers individually decided his or her own part to create the harmony. John Hutchinson later recalled: «Judson had a naturally high voice, a pure tenor. My voice was a baritone, though I sang falsetto easily, and Asa had a deep bass. Abby had an old-fashioned "counter" or contralto voice. The result was an effect like that of a male quartet. Abby's part being the first tenor, Judson's second tenor, mine first and Asa's second bass, respectively. But we practiced an interchange of parts as we sang, and the blending of the voices was so perfect that it seemed quite impossible for the audience to distinguish the several parts.» The Hutchinsons performed across New England in 1842, taking in as much as $130 per performance. In 1843, Jesse wrote "The Old Granite State", a song about the Hutchinson family, their origins in New Hampshire, and their itinerant lifestyle. The song became their signature number. American newspapers of the time were trumpeting "native talent", and critics responded favorably to the Hutchinsons' early concerts, although they did express misgivings about the group's song selection. After the Hutchinson Family Singers' first New York City concert on May 13, 1843, the New York Tribune wrote: The Hutchinson family gave a concert on Saturday evening and acquitted themselves quite well. They . . . know how to make music, decidedly, though some of their songs are not well chosen either to gratify the audience or exhibit their peculiar powers. We wish they would take care to favor the unscientific public with the words of their songs distinctly. Russell does so, and it is to thousands one of the best points of his singing. In subsequent years the families of each brother formed several Hutchinson Family groups. They supported Abraham Lincoln’s presidential campaigns, backed the North in the Civil War, performed slave songs to call attention to the predicament of black Americans during the postwar period, and sang in support of women’s rights. Although several of the Hutchinsons wrote songs, most of the songs were based upon existing tunes; Abby, after leaving the quartet, was noted for writing songs and for her arrangements of spirituals. In their day, however, the Hutchinsons were best known for performing material composed by other songwriters, such as “John Brown’s Body” and “Tenting on the Old Camp Ground.” Activism At the urging of Jesse Hutchinson, the group took up various causes. Among these were abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights. They traveled with Frederick Douglass in England in 1845 and stayed for almost a year. Original songs such as "Get Off the Track!", "Right over Wrong", and "The Slave's Appeal" addressed these issues. Abby Hutchinson wrote "Song of Our Mountain Home" in 1850. It includes the line, "Among our free hills are true hearts and brave, / The air of our mountains ne'er breathed on a slave." The Hutchinson Family Singers established an impressive musical legacy. They are considered to be the forerunners of the great protest singers/songwriters/ folk groups of 20th Century and the nineteen fifties and sixties. The brothers Judson and Jesse composed most of their songs. Judson moved to Minnesota in 1855 and helped found the town of Hutchinson. With the death of Judson (1859), they split into two ensembles -- the 'Tribe of John' and the 'Tribe of Asa' -- but both still billed themselves as the Hutchinson Family. During the Civil War they popularized such tunes as 'The Battle Cry of Freedom' and 'Tenting on the Old Camp Ground'. . . .The two Hutchinson groups -- by this time including children and grandchildren of the original members -- continued performing into the 1880s." Songs: Right Over Wrong - Coming Right Along There's A Good Time Coming Uncle Sam's Farm Bright Things Can Never Die (Kind Words Can Never Die) Topsy's Song Cape Ann Mountain Echo Eight Dollars A Day Good Old Plough Slavery Is A Hard Foe To Battle We Pitch Our Tents On The Old Campground The Horticultural Wife The World Goes Round And Round Triple Hued Banner Close His Eyes, His Work Is Done - A Dirge For A Soldier The Furnace Blast Lashed To The Mast Go Call The Doctor And Be Quick (or Anti-Calomel) Away Down East The Angel Of Patience Bridge Of Sighs By Inna Burkovska and Iryna Khomutovska
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